How Do the Writers Benjamin Zephaniah and Wole Soyinka Essays

How Do the Writers Benjamin Zephaniah and Wole Soyinka Essays How Do the Writers Benjamin Zephaniah and Wole Soyinka Essay How Do the Writers Benjamin Zephaniah and Wole Soyinka Essay Both poems address the subject of racism and attempt to tackle racial stereotypes and prejudices. They do so In a variety of ways, and differ greatly In their style of writing, whilst many devices run throughout them both. The poets choices within their poems affect the reader greatly and with varying effect. Whilst both poems attempt to tackle racism, they do so in different ways, both targeting different aspects. Telephone Conversation subtly attempts to convey the irrationality of racism, using irony as a device to convey the idea with subtlety and almost to the point of humor. The common racial stereotype people had of black people in 1962- the time of writing- is entirely repudiated as the audience read the poem and begin to gain some insight into the personality of the narrator; he was erudite, polite and educated: the complete antithesis of the widespread preconceptions people had at the time. Words like piped, rancid, and spectroscopic are not words that a savage brute would have in his vocabulary. HIS Intelligence Is further proven through his use of sarcasm and wit in response to the lady questions. Saying ridicules the social and cultural beliefs that accompanied schism In the ass. The fact that a black, supposedly savage man had the mental capacity to outwit a white, well bred woman of high social stature- Pressurized good-breeding. Voice, when it came/ Lipstick coated, long gold rolled Cigarette-holder piped. without her even releasing he is doing so, and do so with grace and eloquence, brings to light the absurdity that a person can be based on the color of their skin. The landlady speaks impolitely, almost unintelligibly, enhancing the narrators educated background, creating a strong contrast between the two, showing hat the white, well-bred woman is more similar to the stereotypical character of a black person, than the narrator- a black man, himself- Is. This again highlights the stupidity of racism In contemporary settings through the use of irony, as the audience are well aware that the narrator Is of greater mental capacity than the lady, showing that the preconceived Ideas many people possess have no grounds In fact and are based purely In speculation and hearsay. The devices used In Monologues are coronal to ten development AT ten poem, Walt ten mall polls AT interest being the devices themselves. The 1st and 2nd stanza, and the 5th and 6th correspond directly. In the first pair of stanzas the poet outlines a number of negative stereotypes people have of black people. It is clear from the first line that the poem is going to outline stereotypes in particular l am the type you are supposed to fear. The word Supposed indicates to the reader that prejudices are to be the focal point of the poem. Stereotypes in themselves are but ideas that one feels they are supposed to believe. Cephalic also makes clear the fact that the ensuing stanzas are to expand upon negative stereotype, through the use of the rod fear. The lack of punctuation at the end of the line leads one to believe that the point is to be expanded upon, which indeed it is. The 5th stanza begins in an almost identical manner : l am the type you are supposed to love. This creates the same effect of anticipation, but of positive stereotypes, as opposed to negative ones. The succeeding lines go on to introduce a number of negative statements about black people. It is interesting to note that they are stated in the 1st person, and as fact. The poet leaves no room for doubt when stating the prejudices people have. As opposed to the speculative approach Cephalic may have chosen, he specifically chose to use definitive statements -l talk in tongues. He avoided any ambiguity and stated the facts as they are, or rather, as is widely believed to be so due to the racial prejudices people had, and still have now. The same is applied to the 5th and 6th stanzas, but they contrast prodigiously with the 1st and 2nd as they state positive stereotypes that may be applicable to black people, too. These are stated as fact, as the negative stereotypes were. As with the opening lines of the first and fifth stanza, l am the type you are supposed to fear and l am the type you are supposed to love, the lines correspond almost exactly. The succeeding lines of both stanzas Black and foreign and and mysterious appear on first glace to be antonymous in meaning, with the latter pair of words being a positive stereotype. Whilst the words Black and Foreign appear neutral when used alone, but when utilized in conjunction with each other, and in such a forthright manner, that the audience perceive it as a negative stereotype. The contrasting Dark and mysterious is used in a positive manner, used to express an optimistic view, highlighting the appeal some people find in mysterious people- those with hidden depth of character. Whilst at first this statement may appear to be almost directly opposing to the aforementioned Black and foreign, on careful inspection one notices they appear to be synonymous. Black and Dark have the same meaning, as too do foreign and Mysterious. When placed together however, in the forms Cephalic uses in the poem- Black and foreign and Dark and mysterious- the meanings alter entirely. The statement requires but a different point of view for the meaning to differ ridiculously. Cephalic was intending to highlight the effects of the prejudiced views and opinions on the people they are directed towards. He is attempting to inform the audience that the people they believe to be Uneducated and frightening may in fact be quite the contrary, it Just requires a different point of view. The structure plays a strong part in this, too. With the first two stanzas offering negative stereotypes, and the latter two negative, Cephalic offers the audience the opportunity to decide for themselves on which viewpoint they choose to take; he lets men make ten sconce winner to Judge, Ana In along so De racist, or to KICK at Alack people for what they really are: human beings. Our ball will be in your court. / How will you feel? Cephalic is asking the readers to make a decision. In stating that Our ball will be in your court he states that their life will be in their hands. The metaphor tells that it is their turn to Take a shot. This statements does, however create a large divide between the black people, and the poet himself, and those who discriminate against them. The poem insinuates that it is up to them to make a session; they can choose to break the divide and end the separation and prejudice- supporting the latter stanzas and taking the opportunity to give the unknown a chance- not to Judge. It is quite actively involving the audience, asking a question and requiring them to think. The word you, a 2nd person pronoun, makes the poem so much more personal and thought provoking. The poet wants to get the readers involved in keenly deciding on the future of racism. He is attempting to involve each individual, to show that it depends on each person to determine whether or not racism is ostracizes from todays society. The separation into stanzas is vital to each of the poems. Neighbors very significant, very structured stanzas, contrast strongly with Telephone Conversations unpredictable and spontaneous structure, that reflects the impulsive, unrestrained nature of its content, and of its title, Telephone conversation. The poem is structured in a single stanza, with lines varying in length. The only major recognized structural form used is that of a conversation. The dialogue exchanged between the two characters in the poem clearly fits the parameters of an A B conversation, w ith speech being exchanged between the two harassers in succession. This is easily recognized whilst reading the poem. The structure and a variety of other features are used to reinforce the significance and relevance of the title. The poet has intentionally included these subtle reminders of the content to intimate the theme of a telephone conversation through the specific lack of structure, subtly reminding the reader that the telephone conversation is the focal point of the text. Another structural feature the poets use to tackle racism, is the manner in which the poems are written in 1st person. SST person, whilst often Ewing very restrictive, serves in both of the poems to personalize them, allowing readers to empathic easier, as it seems as if the poems are actual thoughts and feelings of an individual. Telephone Conversation uses the narrative viewpoint to make the event that the poem narrates seem more realistic. Had not misheard ARE YOU LIGHT/ OR VERY DARK To the reader, the poem becomes more lifelike, more personal, simply through the use o f the pronoun l. Having it recounted by a witness, and hearing their thoughts and feelings on the situation make the reader feel more involved. Where 3rd person can distance the reader, 1st errors draws them closer to the content of the poem. In Neighbors, Cephalic begins the poem with the word l. This makes the reader realism, almost instantaneously, that the poem is about an individual. The poem continues to inform of the many negative stereotypes surrounding the darker skinned. Later in the poem he does the same, but with positive preconceptions instead. Placing these beside the word l has the same effect as in Telephone Conversation- to involve the reader, drawing them in. It helps the audience to realism that Judgments made in the poem are commonly made. The 1st person pronoun helps to ground the poem, enhancing Its realms Ana Delegable let, snacking ten reader In I TTS stark accelerations- l am ten type you are supposed to fear. The reader realizes that these things are indeed happening today. Cephalic was hoping to achieve Just this effect. The poems also share many similarities in their titles, the most noticeable of which being the everyday, commonplace nature of their titles Neighbors and Telephone Conversation. Both cover such a broad spectrum of subjects, encompassing much into their semantic field, that from reading the title it is impossible to guess the intent of the poems. The mediocrity of the titles, in comparison with the nature of them highlights the fact that racism is indeed a common occurrence. Both Neighbors and Telephone conversations are found commonly in everyday life, and the titles are used as a device to highlight the prevalence racism has in societies today. This is a trait both poems share. The simplicity of both titles contrast strongly with the content. A straightforward title lowers ones expectations of the poem, so that when it is read the content is all the more shocking and hard hitting. Whilst both titles share this, the differ too; If you compare Telephone Conversation with Neighbors you notice that Neighbors seems to be rather more personal than Telephone Conversation. Neighbors live in close contact, seeing each other on a regular basis. The use of this rather more personal term helps one familiarize themselves with the poem. Cephalic wants the audience to personalize themselves with the poem. The nature of the poem in itself is more personal, making use of more 2nd person pronouns and actively involving the reader. The much more intimate title as the effect of involving the reader, preparing them for the content. In contrast to this, Telephone Conversation seems altogether more sterile, less affable than Neighbors. Saying wants the reader to distance themselves from the situation, taking a wider view on the situation. He is using the title as a device to show that impersonality can be vital when viewing racism. On reading the poem itself you realism it is often necessary to take a step back from situations such as those narrated in the poem, to realism the Judgments many make of individuals are inequitable and unjustified and should be abolished. The two titles do the opposite; one serves to distance the audience from the content, whilst the others purpose is to close the gap between the reader and the poem. Perhaps less obviously than the devices, the content is used to tackle racism too. As well as the previously mentioned subtexts, Saying Cephalic address a number of issues in their poems. Whilst Telephone Conversation is a poem of inequalities, Neighbors comes across much more balanced. Telephone conversation raises a number of issues, only one of which being the substandard treatment of black people. It highlights a hierarchical scale, at he bottom of which black people resided. It does however bring sexism to light, too. It is fairly significant that the antagonistic persona in the poem is female. In asses England, sexism was as common as racism, and women were treated unfairly. Whilst this is not explicitly cited within the poem, it is interesting to note. Taking this, and the manner in which the narrator treats the landlady with respect and as someone with higher social standing than himself - Madam, I warned- one notices that a social hierarchy is formed, at the bottom of which the narrator lies, despite his level f education, or wealth. The poem clearly places the landlady above the narrator. The author intended to subtly remind the audience of the treatment of women. The Implicit suggestion, serves to annulling ten poor treatment AT Dalai people: teeny were considered lower than women. In stark contrast to this, Neighbors revolves around the idea of balance and equality. The structure reflects this clearly, as do the devices. It more actively appeals to the audience for racial equality, and does so subtly. The peaceful manner in which Cephalic appeals for equality strongly opposes the approach Saying takes. In Neighbors, the poets focus on fairness makes the audience believe that racism is a set of scales, and their take on the situation could tip the scales either way. Its highly effective in stirring the hearts and minds of the readers. Poetry can affect the reader in such a wide variety of ways that it seems a perfect manner in which to voice ones thoughts and opinions. Both Cephalic and Saying prove in their poetry that it is an efficient way to tackle racism, and after reading both Neighbors and Telephone Conversation, it is made clear that poetry is exceptionally effective in doing so.

Lacrosse Sport Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lacrosse Sport - Assignment Example The game could engage teams of over hundred to thousand players in a field covering more than 500 yards or even half a mile. Players were expected to move a small ball, made of animal skin, past the opponent’s goal post using three or four foot long sticks with a net at the end. The game lasted for two to three days consecutively from sunup to sundown. The transformation of Baggataway to today’s Lacrosse begun in 1637 with the French missionaries who observed the Indians play and introduced it in France. This was followed by a match between the French and Indians at Montreal’s Olympic club in 1844. The France missionaries are also recognized as the founders of the name Lacrosse from their generic term â€Å"Crosse† referring to stick and ball games. The sport was then introduced in Canada where George Beers, the father to modern Lacrosse sport, revised the game rules and founded National Lacrosse Association of Canada. The Association modified the game and reduced the number of team players to twelve. The game's popularity grew not only in Canada but also across other countries such as England, United States, Ireland, and Australia (Massie, 1997). There are three main reasons that qualify Lacrosse to be included in the next, 2014, winter Olympics. The first one is that Lacrosse is both a summer and winter game. This is possible because, currently there are four kinds of Lacrosse games that include Mini lacrosse, Box or indoor, Men’s field, and women’s field Lacrosse (Aveni, 2012). Mini lacrosse and Box or indoor Lacrosse can be played during the winters since they are not played in the open. Mini lacrosse is a modification of Lacrosse that emphases on the skills which are usually taught in the gym. It is also easy to hold a Box Lacrosse match in a room since it consists of 12 players, 6 from each team. Moreover, during the summers all the four sports are viable to be played.

Ethnographic Perspectives on the Everyday Assignment

Ethnographic Perspectives on the Everyday - Assignment Example Effective communication can be lost as the worker tries to explain the problem and the manager is only hearing excuses as to why expectations cannot be met. Failures in communications can result in strained relationships between managers and workers as information is not given or processed correctly. The way in which workers and managers communicate with one another is often defined by the management style that a manager will adopt. The type of leadership that is established will have an effect on how a worker responds and is able to communicate to the manager. As well, the way in which an individual has experienced speaking with leadership will also have an effect on how they can communicate to a manager. Communications styles develop long before an individual enters the workforce, but they can be trained in order to provide for more effective communications (Young, 2009). Often times it is a lack of communications training that will position a worker so that are unable to give information to an employer. There are four basic types of management that will affect the way in which communication develops between a manager and an employee. The four types are autocratic, paternalistic, democratic, and laissez-faire. In an autocratic type of management, information is proprietary and all decisions are made by the manager. A paternalistic manager will make decisions upon the basis of what is best for the employees. Through good relationships with employees, this type of manager acts as a guardian for their interests. In a democratic style of management the manager will allow employees a voice in the decision making process with discussions and a fairly free flow of information allowing for some equality within the groups and teams of the organization. In the laissez-faire form of management, the manager avoids his responsibilities and the employees end up picking up duties

Nissans external environment

Nissans external environment Natural Environment Nissans â€Å"ultimate goal† Nissans is one of the top producers of automobile company which they used up many environmental resources because cars basically run on fossil fuel and gasoline. As a global manufacturer of automobile, Nissan have set an ultimate goal which is to manage the environmental impact generated by (Nissan Global)Nissans corporate activities, customer use of Nissan vehicles, and the companys use of resources on a level that is within natures capacity to absorb. Nissans aim is also to minimize the impact of earth from (Nissan, 2009) Key Issues of Nissan Nissan now focuses on the 3 Key issues which are:- To reduce the Carbon Dioxide emission, To reduce other emission to preserve earth resources including the atmosphere, soil and water To promote the resources cycle through 3rs, Reduction, Reuse Recycle. Task 1. Reducing carbon dioxide emissions Nissan believe that reducing the CO2 emission requires not only by Nissan alone but also a cooperative efforts by all society. Nissan is also making aggressive efforts in reducing the Carbon Monoxide emission in their business activities and thus, their effort will lead to contribution of the society. Task 2. Reducing emissions*1 (protecting the air, water and soil) Nissans 2nd task is to reduce any emission that will have negative impact on earth resources including the atmosphere, air, water and soil. According to Nissan, it is a requirement for them to consider the life cycle of their vehicle from the vehicles development to production and finally to the vehicles disposal. Task 3. Resource recycling (promoting reducing, reusing, and recycling) Nissans aim is to achieve the mobile society through automobile recycling. According to Nissan basic approach, they are implementing the 3 Rs to use their resource effective and efficiently. The 3 Rs are:- Reduce Reuse Recycle They are planning to reduce the material to its minimal when producing their automobile, reuse the resources whenever possible and recycle their resources for the future use. Technology Environment Nissan has four areas of technological goals which include the environment, safety, dynamic performance and life on board. Nissan create these values in order to provide their customers with trusted driving pleasure. (Nissan Global) Environment Nissan has a long term goal to reducing CO2 help the environmental crisis such as global warming. With this goal, Nissan had set their target of reducing CO2 emission in their new car by 70% in the year 2050. (Nissan Environmental Technologies) Safety Nissan claims that their aim is to reduce the number of serious and fatal injuries from accidents involving Nissans vehicle by halve by the year 2015. Nissan has work hard to progressively design a safer vehicle to the customer based on real world accident analysis. Nissan carried out various crash test from normal driving accident to serious and fatal accidents to be analyzed and to provide continuous improvements onto Nissans vehicle. (Nissan Safety Technologies) Dynamic Performance Nissan focuses on qualities such as quietness of the vehicle and the power response. The vehicle handling however such as steering stability, steering responsiveness and vehicle behavior are very important to please the driver of Nissans vehicle according to Nissan. (Nissan Dynamic Performance) Life on Board Nissan vehicle provides an unprecedented value through their every stage from getting into vehicle, preparation to drive, actual driving experience and to getting out from the vehicle. Nissan is also delivering the three kinds of value on the driving experience on Nissan vehicle. (Nissan Life on Board) Cockpit which are design for easy driving Cabin comfort High quality of the interior Sociocultural Environment Nissan is building and manufacturing cars to meet all types of peoples demand. Different people would prefer different types of cars depending on the consumer itself. Assume that if a person prefer vehicle that can go off-road, he could have prefered Nissan Xterra or Nissan Frontier whereas people who are rich and like fast cars would go for cars like Nissan Silvia, Nissan Skyline or Nissan Fairlady 350z. Not all types of driver are suited for all types of cars. This is the reason why Nissan Build many different types of vehicle to suit different types of driver. Below are the some of the lists of different category of Nissan vehicle that are still on production today. Nissan for the adrenaline and want-to-go-fast guys: Nissan Skyline GT-R 35 Nissan 370z Nissan for the adventurous and explorer: Nissan X-trail Nissan Navara Nissan Frontier Nissan for the budget driver: Nissan Latio Nissan Sentra Nissan March International Environment Nissan Company succeeded in selling their automobiles internationally in every continent. This means that Nissan is an international company. Although its availability all around the world, Nissan has to compete on a global basis because there are many high-quality and low price automobiles from all around the world including Toyota, Ford, Mitsubishi and many other more. The international environment provides new competitors, customers and suppliers from everywhere. Although is a good thing Nissan expands their business internationally, this will make the company even harder to control as there are many branches everywhere in the world where Nissan has to retain the standards of every Nissan branches in terms of their services. Nissan would also have to make their automobile available to every place with Nissan branch where they either ship their automobile internationally or the automobile is manufactured locally. Economic Environment Nissan and Renault established as the Renault-Nissan Purchasing Organization (RNPO) in the year 2001. This was key ways to reduce cost by combining both their resources to be more efficient in the organization. Renault and Nissan currently hold 60% shares some part and raw materials suppliers. (Agrawal, 2007) Legal and Political Environment Nissan vehicle have to meet certain standards to be able to enter certain countries to be sold. This is due to the fact that certain states do not allow high performance vehicle such as Nissan Skyline models to enter the state because driver might misuse the vehicle for illegal street racing. Besides high performance automobile, Nissan also needs to meet the Emission Standards whereby it is a requirement that set a specific limit of the pollution produce by an automobile that are released to the environment. These standards are to protect the environment of any air pollution to the country as this may lead to global warming. Emissions that are being tested include carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, sulfur oxide and others. Aside from that also, there is also safety standards that should be tested before the vehicle is legally produce to the market. In other words, the vehicle should be safe enough for the driver in meeting the safety standards. The safety standards include: Crash Avoidance Control whereby in an event of emergencies, can the vehicle respond when the driver avoids a crash. Crashworthiness is when the vehicle crashes, the vehicle should be safe enough to protect the driver and its passengers. This test will determine the airbag responsiveness, impacts, safety belts and others. (TRANSPORTATION, 1999)

Interest Groups Essay

Introduction As we all know there are types of groups that are playing important role in the administration in the mechanism of government especially in terms of decision making or legislative body. These groups are known as Interest Groups and Pressure Groups. Basically interest group is defined as any collection of people organized to promote a goal they share or to resist some objective of the government of other groups. It is also defined as an organized group that tries to influence the government decisions without putting their members in governmental position. While pressure group is an interest group that exercises pressure on the government to obtain laws, policies & decisions compatible with their special interests. Basically pressure group is an interest group with higher degree of involvement in politics. In Malaysia, there are various types of interest groups in order to obtain the rights for what they represent. Interest groups in Malaysia such National Union for Teaching Profession (NUTP), The Congress of Unions of Employees in the Public and Civil Services (CUEPACS), Federation of Malaysian Consumers Associations (FOMCA) aggregates and articulate information regarding to their respective interest in order to influence the government decision based on their interests. However, there are disadvantages for the existence of interest groups. This will be the main idea of this assignment. Simplified Characteristics of Interest Groups Simplified Functions of Interests Groups 1. Mechanism for Political Representation- The interests of the people are represented in an organized way. It means that the people doesn’t have to directly go to the government but instead have interest groups to represent for them as the groups are established. It allows people to be involved in political process without being in a politica party for examples the NUTP, FOMCA and CUEPACS 2. Mediator between the Public and the Government- This is a linkage function between the people and the government. The interest groups provide necessary informations needed by both the people and the government 3. Interest Articulation (voice out the interests)- They voice out interests based on their interest groups and also voice out any interest of the public that is related to their interests 4. Influence the Government- This is the main function of the interest group. They influence the decisions but have no intention to take over the government and makes sure that the government focu ses on their interests. 5. Supplement Government Agencies(assist,enhance,help)- Conduct surveys and research to provide information to the government which the results will help government to adopt better public policies. Types of Interest Groups 1. Anomic Group- separates from social norms, spontaneous (informal), often involves violence 2. Associational Group- formal, distinct and established, effective procedures, active participants in political process. 3. Non- Associational Group- not formal, has similar characteristics & interests, reflect social/ethnic/cultural/religious interests 4. Institutional Group- exists within the government, highly involved in political & social activities, lobby from within the government. Simplified Methods of Gaining Influence The Demerits or The Disadvantages of Interest Groups * There are various demerits of interests group if it is not well managed and observed. 1. Some of the methods used to gain influence can lead to negative effects -Methods like Bargaining can lead to bad effects because it is similar to lobbying whereby the public policy is influenced directly. It also invloves secret negotiations which is usually related to the national budget. When this happens and if not observed carefully, the allocation of the money can be wrongfully distributed. If it happens, the interest groups may misuse the allocation given and the people they represented MAY NOT be included or the money won’t be used for the better of the people they represent. -Another risky method is the method Propaganda. In propaganda the usage of mass media and other methods to spread information to the public is on a massive scale. If the information or awareness spread by the interest group is false or with hidden agenda, it may cause the people to be wrongly influenced or mi ssunderstanding of the government policy. The people may retaliate for no legitimate reason which may cause damage to a peaceful nation. -Other than that, other methods like direct method like boycotts, demonstrations and strikes may cause commotion. This types of influencing methods are prone to be violent regardless of which party initiate violence first. -Indirect methods like being a member of parliament which is also a member of interest group may misuse his/her power in order to influence the governmernt decision. The member of interest group is a spouse to a bureaucrat may also lead to the misuse of power in order to influence the government decision. For example if a bureaucrat has a wife who is in an interest group, the potential of the husband to listen to every request to his wife relating to her interest group is very high. Not only that, it can be a bad thing too if a retired bureaucrats who join NGO or other groups that have connection with junior bureaucrats whereby t he juniors may listen to every request of their seniors. The juniors may provide confidential information of government policies to the retired bureaucrats. -Methods like illegalities may also be used especially in desperate times. Illegalities ranges from extortions, bribery, arson, blackmail and many more. 2. The existence of certain types of interest groups can produce adverse effects. -The existence of an interest groups like Anomic Groups which derived from the word Anomie meaning separation from social norms. This group is not a formal group. Usually it comes from dissatisfaction of the people. When this happens, it usually involves violence. This type of group may produce protests, racial riots and so on in order for their interest to be prioritized. 3. Biased -Interest groups can be considered biased because they are only prioritizing their interest or interests related to them. They do not really care about other interest of the people as a whole and care about better policy for the people genereally. They just prioritize their interests. Information provided is one-sided. 4. One Track-Mind (Runs Undemocratically) -The interests groups usually do not care about others interest and opininons. They also refuse to listen or to take care of other interest. They consider other interests or opinions are wrong. They do not let what others have to say or wants if it is contradict to their core interests. 5. Pluralism (as in United States) -Critics of pluralism contend that there is no such thing as the common good because there are so many conflicting interests in society: What is good for one person is often bad for others. They argue that the interest groups interfere with democracy because they seek benefits for a minority of people rather than the greater good of the majority. The National Rifle Association, for example, has repeatedly blocked new gun control legislation despite the fact that a majority of Americans actually want stricter gun laws. Other critics argue that the interest group system is really effective only to economic interest groups, which have greater financial resources at their disposal. Nearly two-thirds of lobbyists in Washington represent economic groups. Critics also argue that interest groups tend to ignore the interests of the poor in favor of middle- and upper-class Americans, who have more time and money to contribute 6. Corruption -Corruption takes place in the interest groups whereby the bribery is done between the interest groups and the interest provider (policy makers/government). In corruption, the bribery can be in many forms such as gifts and money. The bribery is performed in order for their interests being implemented. The irresponsible authority personnels will accept the bribery and in return the interest of the interests groups will be prioritized. 7. Influenced by wealth -This can be explained by the more money or fund the interest groups has, the more tendency of their interests being prioritized is higher. Conclusion Interest group is basically an organized group of people that tries to influence the government without being in the governmental positions. Various methods can be or are being used in order for their main objective which is to influence the government in order to get their interests priotized. But, there are negative side which is the demerits to the interests groups. Bottomline is, interest groups has it own merits and demerits in order for it to function as an interest group. The demerits can be abolished with proper procedures and proper preventive measures. If not the interest groups may be useless. Resources 1. 90% of this content is studied, aggregate and filtered from the notes made by Sir Fairuz Hidayat PAD170 Chapter 6 notes. 2. Another 10% is scouted, filtered, studied from the internet. 3. http://www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/american-government/interest-groups/section5.rhtml 4. http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110412030051AAPzyYE 5. https://www.google.com/#q=disadvantages+of+interest+groups

Reading Response: Malcolm X Essay

1. Subject: This reading is about Malcolm X gaining inspiration to learn how to read and write during his time in prison and the many wonders of the world he learns of through reading. The topic is Malcolm X’s passion for learning and the main ideas are what he learns about which drives him to fight for the nonwhite man. The setting takes place in Charlestown Prison and Norfolk Prison Colony where Malcolm X was imprisoned in 1946-1953. Characters included in the reading are an inmate named Bimbi who inspired Malcolm X to learn, Elijah Muhammad, several authors, whites, and nonwhites. 2. Occasion: The author wrote this piece in 1965 to inform the readers of his imminent desire to learn how to read and write because he was embarrassed by his lack of knowledge and of the things he had learned about the white man’s actions to nonwhites. 3. Audience: The author is writing to the general audience. The audience might not know how Malcolm X became imprisoned or what he did immediately after his release but they do know that he would read all day, every day if he could. Malcolm X has a very appreciative tone when it comes to what he had learned and very curious. When he learns of certain history that applies to people just like him, however, he sounds very disappointed. 4. Purpose: The purpose of this piece was to inform readers of how Malcolm X learned to read and write and his strong passion for knowledge. There is some talk about how the white man has done evil deeds to nonwhites and Malcolm X does show his unfortunate dislike towards the white man because of history. Overall, Malcolm X focuses on how time has given him the opportunity to learn more than many people can ever hope to learn. 5. Speaker: The speaker is the author, Malcolm X. The whole reading is based off Malcolm X’s point of view since it is an autobiography. 6. Passage: On page 130, the 6th paragraph, â€Å"I copied into my tablet everything printed on that first page, down to the punctuation marks.† I especially like this line, because it shows Malcolm X’s determination and his true desire to learn. The reader can imagine him copying pages of a dictionary onto his tablet all day and it wouldn’t tire him out.

How Apportionment Determines State Representation

Apportionment is the process of fairly dividing the 435 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives among the 50 states based on population counts from the decennial U.S. census. Apportionment does not apply to the U.S. Senate, which under Article I, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution, is comprised of two senators from each state.   Who Came Up With the Apportionment Process? America’s Founding Fathers wanted the House of Representatives to represent the people rather than the state legislatures, which are represented in the Senate. To that end, Article I, Section II of the Constitution provides each state shall have at least one U.S. Representative, with the total size of a state’s delegation to the House based on its total population. Based on the national population as estimated in 1787, each member of the House in the First Federal Congress (1789–1791) represented 30,000 citizens. As the nation grew in geographic size and population, the number of representatives and the number of people they represented in the House increased accordingly.. Conducted in 1790, the first U.S, Census counted 4 million Americans. Based on that count, the total number of members elected to the House of Representatives grew from the original 65 to 106. The current membership of the House of Representatives was set at 435 by the Reapportionment Act of 1929, which established a permanent method for apportioning a constant number of seats according to each decennial census. How is Appropriation Calculated? The exact formula used for apportionment was created by mathematicians and politicians and adopted by Congress in 1941 as the Equal Proportions formula (Title 2, Section 2a, U. S. Code). First, each state is assigned one seat. Then, the remaining 385 seats are distributed using a formula that computes priority values based on each states apportionment population. Who is Included in the Apportionment Population Count? The apportionment calculation is based on the total resident population (citizen and noncitizen) of the 50 states. The apportionment population also includes U.S. Armed Forces personnel and federal civilian employees stationed outside the United States (and their dependents living with them) who can be allocated, based on administrative records, back to a home state. Are Children Under 18 Included? Yes. Being registered to vote or voting is not a requirement to be included in the apportionment population counts. Who is NOT Included in the Apportionment Population Count? The populations of the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Island Areas are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. What is the Legal Mandate for Apportionment? Article I, Section 2, of the U.S. Constitution mandates that an apportionment of representatives among the states be carried out each 10-year period. Schedule for Reporting and Applying Apportionment Counts According federal law codified in Title 13 of the U.S. Code, the Census Bureau must deliver the apportionment counts—the census-counted resident population totals for each state—to the Office of the President of the United States within nine months of the official census date. Since the 1930 census, the census date has been April 1, meaning the Office of the President must receive the state population counts by December 31 of the census year.   To Congress According to  Title 2, U.S. Code, within one week of the opening of the next session of Congress in the new year, the president must report to the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives the apportionment population counts for each state and the number of representatives to which each state is entitled. To the States According to  Title 2, U.S. Code, within 15 days of receiving the apportionment population counts from the president, the Clerk of the House of Representatives must inform each state governor of the number of representatives to which that state is entitled. Using its population count and more detailed demographic results from the census, each state legislature then defines the geographic boundaries of its congressional and state election districts through a process known as redistricting.