What Is the Extent of the Medias Influence Regarding...

Abstract The research question of this Psychology Extended Essay is â€Å"What is the Extent of the Media’s Influence Regarding Eating Disorders?† To further investigate this question, I researched what the media is and what it does, how people are affected by the media and many different studies and experiments. Through the use of several sources, mostly online and experiments, I was able to learn exactly what the media does to possibly be considered an influence on the development of eating disorders. I was able to find a multitude of experiments and studies deciding whether or not women are actually influenced by what the media has to say about body image. While typing this paper, I realized that, of course, the media was not the only†¦show more content†¦Some say yes, some say no, it depends. The Media Influences Eating Disorders, Fact or Fiction? The media has become an essential part of men and women’s lives for years, dating all the way back to before World War II in the late 1930’s. It was said to be that the media during this time injected â€Å"values and morals into society† (Jade). In today’s society, there are several different types of social groups. Some of the social groups may be effected by the media and how they portray the perfect woman and some may not be effected because they may â€Å"reject the messages that are not consistent with the values of that group† (Jade). There are also several different types of people in this world, some of whom have very low self-esteem or confidence and are therefore affected more by what the media says than others with a higher self-esteem. The media â€Å"contributes to a toxic environment in which eating disorders may be more likely to occur. This is because of the â€Å"Damaging Paradox† of modern society in which the media promotes,† (Jade). While this is happening, the environment is also providing people with an array of food that is high in calories and in fat and the media is pressuring men and women to eat the products and as a result, they are becoming heavier and heavier (Jade). Once they become heavier, their anxiety level peeks and this is where eating disorders begin to develop. A toy, made in 1959 by an American toyShow MoreRelatedGeneration Z: Fast and Furious Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesthem notorious for their impatience. This cutting-edge technology also means that Generation Z is very interconnected. Even when at home or on holiday, they can still be communicating with their peers. This makes Gen-Zers even more susceptible to influence from friends and others in their generation. All the technology also means that Gen-Zers have more scope to be imaginative and utilize their creativity. 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Not only must they achieve an ideal body type, but also idealRead MoreGender and Advertising7641 Words   |  31 Pages 89 90 CONTROVERSIES IN CONTEMPORARY ADVERTISING In addition to their changing roles in the labor force and in the family, women have also increased their power as consumers. Today, women wield incredible buying power: They purchase or influence the purchase of 85% of all consumer goods, including 91% of all new homes and 65% of all cars (â€Å"Marketing to Women Quick Facts,† 2011). In the United States, women start 70% of new businesses. A study by Continuum (2011) found that women controlRead MoreImpact of Media on Socio-Cultural Values and Social Institution in Indian Society10316 Words   |  42 Pagesprovide extensive coverage of global politics and to examine the impact of these influences in specific national contexts. The mass media has a role to influence socio-political and cultural settings. 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India is the most preferential Country for Investment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5229 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION India is today one of the most preferential country for investment in the world, whereas ranked as the third place among the world for FDI destination after China and USA. In 2003, India ranked sixth on the list. According to Goldman Sachs Global economic paper of October 2003 Dreaming with BRICS: the future predictions that over next 50 years Brazil, Russia, India and China could become a much larger force in the world economy. Now India is favoured place unlike China in the past. Initially several steps have taken to facilitate increased FDI inflows. LITERATURE REVIEW The literature review has the aim to give an insight in the theoretical framework which is the basis of this research. In the first part the FDI concept will be described in general. Second part will be in detail about economic growth of India. Third part is based on FDI role in Indian economic growth. At last the discussions about Does FDI stimulating economic growth of India Foreign direct investment (FDI) is meant as investment that is made to acquire a lasting management interest in an enterprise operating in a host country other than that of the investor, the investors purpose being an effective role in the organization. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments (World Bank, Global Development Finance 2002) Foreign direct investment reflects the objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident in an economy other than that of the inventor. The lasting interest impl ies the existence of long term relationship between the direct investor and the enterprise and significance degree of influence of the management of the enterprise. Direct investment involves both the initial transaction between the two entries and all subsequent capital transaction between them and among affiliated enterprises both incorporation. [RE: IMF balance of payment manual, 5th edition, 1993.] FDI plays an extra ordinary and growing rate in global business. It can provide a firm with new market and marketing channels, cheaper production facilities, access to new technology, products, skills and financing. The host country or the foreign firms which receives the investment, it can provide a source of new technology, capital, processes, product, organization technologies and management skills, and such can provide a strong impact to the economies development. FDI can be classically defined as A company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory i n another country. Direct investment is buildings machinery and equipments are in contrast with making a portfolio investment, which is considered an investment, which is considered an indirect investment. [RE: Jeffrey P. Graham and P.Barey.] In 1990s global flow of foreign direct investment increase some sevenfold sparing economist to explore FDI from a micron or trade to analyze the microeconomics of FDI. Treating, FDI as a unique form of international capital flow between two countries. By examine the determinants of the aggregate flows of FDI at the bilateral, source host country level. Drawing an a wealth of fresh data, they provide new theoretical models and empirical technique that illuminate the vital country pair characteristics that drive these flows unique, foreign direct investment examines, FDI between developed and developing countries, and are not just between developed countries. Among many others insight [RE: Foreign direct investment, Assaf Razin and Efraim Sadk a.] When I thought to identify how foreign direct investment can make a contribution to develop significantly more powerful and more varied than conventional measurements indicate. The bad news reveals that foreign direct investments can also distort host economies and polities with consequences substantially more adverse than critics and cynics have imaged. This principle controversies and debate about FDI in manufacturing and debates about FDI in manufacturing and assembly, extractive industries and infrastructure and analysis it also identifies how developing and developed countries, multilateral lending agencies and civil society can work in concert to harness foreign direct investment to promote the growth and welfare of developing countries. [RE: Theodore H. Moran, centre for global development, 2006.] FDI is a component of a countrys national financial accounts, Foreign direct investment is investment of foreign assets into domestic structures, equipment and organizatio n. It does not include foreign investment into the stock markets (Mike Moffat). The International Monetary Fund(IMF) defines foreign direct investment can be defined in two ways- Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "India is the most preferential Country for Investment" essay for you Create order The lasting interest implies the existence of a long term relationship between direct investor and direct investment enterprise, The direct investment implies the acquisition of at least 10 percent of the ordinary shares or voting power of an enterprise abroad. Foreign Direct Investor refers to an individual, an incorporated or unincorporated public or private enterprise, a government, a group of related individuals, or a group of related incorporated and or unincorporated enterprises which has a direct investment enterprise that is, a subsidiary, associate or branch-operating in a country other than the country or countries of residence of the foreign direct investors or investors.(OCED,1996) There are few common misconception (IMF,2003) FDI does not necessarily imply control of the enterprise since only 10 percent ownership is required to establish a direct investment FDI involves only one investor or a related group of investors. FDI is not based on nationality or citizenship of direct investors; it is based on investors residency. Lending from unrelated parties abroad that are guaranteed by direct investors is not FDI. FDI is thought to be more useful to a country than investment in the equity of its companies because equity investment are potentially hot money which can leave at the first sign of trouble, whereas foreign direct investment is durable and generally useful whether things go well or badly. Foreign direct investment reflects the objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident entity in one economy (Direct investor) in an entity that resident in an economy other than that of the investor (direct investment enterprise).The lasting interest implies the existence of a long term relationship between the direct investor and the enterprise and a significant degree of influence on the management of the enterprise. Foreign Direct investment involves both the initial transaction between the two entities and all subsequent capital transaction between them and among affiliated enterprises, both incorporated and un incorporated (OECD Benchmark(1996). According to Borensztein al,(1998) FDI as an important part to the transfer of technological contribution to growth is higher when compare to domestic investment. Findlay(1978) postulates that FDI increase the rate of technical progress in the host country through a undesirable effects from the more advanced technology, management practices ..etc used by foreign firms Athreye and Kapur (2001) have emphasized that since the contribution of FDI to Domestic capital formation is quite small, growth-led FDI is more likely than FDI-led growth. This is so as increased economic activity expands the market size, offering greater opportunities for foreign investment to reap economics of scale in a large market economy like India. FDI is thought to bring certain benefits to national economics. Basically FDI invested in two categories: Greenfield investment to build new capacity, acquisition of assets of existing local firms commonly referred as mergers and acquisitions. This benefit more to countrys growth by in creasing productivity through new production facilities or MA should be based on assumption that the new owners and management expect to operate the company more efficiently than previous management. Country growth condition will be pointed out through investigation as a major factor in determining to what extent FDI helps productivity spillovers, not just by increasing the production of companies and the economy as a whole. This conditions should helpful to all ways which include human capital( work force well educated and trained), effective organization and positive business climate for eg: financial markets, political stability, and efficiency of government services. These things grouped under the heading of absorptive capacity vary substantially across all regions and countries. Attracting FDI is important for the any country economic growth. However its based on implicit assumption that inflows of FDI will bring certain benefits to countrys growth. They are following whi ch related to FDI success and failures, STIMULATION OF NATIONAL ECONOMY FDI is thought to bring certain benefits to national economies. It can contribute to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross Fixed Capital Formation (total investment in a host economy) and balance of payments. There have been empirical studies indicating a positive link between higher GDP and FDI inflows (OECD a.), however the link does not hold for all regions, e.g. over the last ten years FDI has increased in Central Europe whilst GDP has dropped. FDI can also contribute toward debt servicing repayments, stimulate export markets and produce foreign exchange revenue. Subsidiaries of Trans-National Corporations (TNCs), which bring the vast portion of FDI, are estimated to produce around a third of total global exports. However, levels of FDI do not necessarily give any indication of the domestic gain (UNCTAD 1999). Corporate strategies e.g. protective tariffs and transfer pricing can reduce the level of corporate tax received by host governments. Also, importation of intermediate good s, management fees, royalties, profit repatriation, capital flight and interest repayments on loans can limit the economic gain to host economy. Therefore the impact of FDI will largely depend on the conditions of the host economy, e.g. the level of domestic investment/savings, the mode of entry (merger acquisitions or Greenfield (new) investments) and the sector involved, as well as a countrys ability to regulate foreign investment (UNCTAD 1999). STABILITY OF FDI FDI inflows can be less affected by change in national exchange rates as compared to other private sources (portfolio investments or loans). This is partly because currency devaluation means a drop in the relative cost of production and assets (capital, goods and services) for foreign companies and thereby increases the relative attraction of a host country. FDI can stimulate product diversification through investments into new businesses, so reducing market reliance on a limited number of sectors/products (UNCTAD 1999). However, if international flows of trade and investment fall globally and for lengthy periods, then stability is less certain. New inflows of FDI are especially affected by these global trends, because it is harder for a foreign company to de-invest or reverse from foreign affiliates as compared to portfolio investment. Companies are therefore more likely to be careful to ensure they will accrue benefits before making any new investments. Examples of regional st ability are mixed, whilst FDI growth continued in some Asian countries e.g. Korea and Thailand, during the 1996/97 crisis, it fell in others e.g. Indonesia. During Latin Americas financial crisis in the 80s many Latin American countries experienced a sharp fall in FDI (UNGA 1999), suggesting that investment sensitivity varies according to a countrys particular circumstances. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT FDI, where it generates and expands businesses, can help stimulate employment, raise wages and replace declining market sectors. However, the benefits may only be felt by small portion of the population, e.g. where employment and training is given to more educated, typically wealthy elites or there is an urban emphasis, wage differentials (or dual economies) between income groups will be exacerbated (OECD a). Cultural and social impacts may occur with investment directed at non-traditional goods. For example, if financial resources are diverted away from food and subsistence production towards more sophisticated products and encouraging a culture of consumerism can also have negative environmental impacts. Within local economies, small scale and rural businesses of FDI host countries there is less capacity to attract foreign investment and bank credit/loans, and as a result certain domestic businesses may either be forced out of business or to use more informal sources of finance ( ECOSOC 2000). INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Parent companies can support their foreign subsidiaries by ensuring adequate human resources and infrastructure are in place. In particular Greenfield investments into new business sectors can stimulate new infrastructure development and technologies to host economies. These developments can also result in social and environmental benefits, but only where they spill over into host communities and businesses (ECOSOC 2000). Investment in research development (RD) from parent companies can stimulate innovation in production and processing techniques in the host country. However, this assumes that in-house investment (in RD, production, management, personnel training) will result in improvements. Foreign technology/organizational techniques may actually be inappropriate to local needs, capital intensive and have a negative effect on local competitors, especially smaller business that are less able to make equivalent adoptions. Similarly external changes in suppliers, customers and other competing firms are not necessarily an improvement on the original domestic-based approaches (UNCTAD 1999). CROWDING IN OR CROWDING OUT Crowding in occurs where FDI companies can stimulate growth increase and decrease in domestic business within the economy. Whereas Crowding out is structure where parent companies dominate local markets, stifling local competition and entrepreneurship. This is reason for policy chilling or regulatory arbitrage where government regulations, such as labour and environmental standards, are kept artificially low to attract foreign investors, this is because lower standards can reduce the short term operative costs for businesses in that country. Exclusive production concessions and preferential treatment to TNCs by host governments can both restrict other foreign investors and encourage oligopolistic (quasi-monopoly) market structure (ECOSOC 2000, UNCTAD 1999). Empirical data for these scenarios is variable, but crowding out is thought to be more common in specific sectors. For example, in industries where demand or supply for a product or service is highly price elastic (market sen sitive) and capital intensive. Hence regulation brings additional costs of compliance and is therefore much more likely to influence a companys decision to invest in that country (OECD b). SCALE AND PACE OF INVESTMENT. It may be difficult for some governments, particularly low income countries, to regulate and absorb rapid and large FDI inflows, with regard to regulating the negative impacts of large-scale production growth on social and environment factors (WWF 1999). Also a high proportion of FDI inflows in developing economies are commonly aimed at primary sectors, such as petroleum, mining, agriculture, paper-production, chemicals and utilities. Primary sectors are typically capital and resource intensive, with a greater threshold in economies of scale and therefore slower to produce positive economic spill over effects (OECD a). Thus, in the short term, low income economies will have less capacity to mitigate environmental damages or take protective measures, imposing greater remediation costs in the long term, as well as potentially irreversible environmental losses (WWF 1999, OECD b). IS IT FDI SUSTAINABLE GROWTH? If FDI is to take a greater role in building developing country economies, further assessment of the factors which influence and are influenced by FDI flows is necessary. Foreign companies are thought to be attracted to recipient countries for a whole range of factors, e.g. political stability, market potential accessibility, repatriation of profits, infrastructure, and ease of currency conversion. Privatization and deregulation of markets are seen as central means to attract FDI, however this can leave the poorest or most indebted countries open to destabilizing market speculation (ECOSOC 2000). National legislation can support better investment security for local markets, fair competition and corporate responsibility through defining equitable, secure, non-discriminatory, transparent investment practices (WSSD 1995, Habitat II 1996). Whilst there is concern that increased regulation could deter new foreign investors, there is evidence, such as in Eastern Europe, that tighter reg ulation of corporate, environmental and labour standards has not affected FDI growth (ECOSOC 2000). Where low income and developing economies are successful in attracting FDI, they require considerable support to ensure that they can adapt to rapid and large inflows of FDI, and that these flows positively benefit domestic economic stability (WSSD 1995). This means developing strategies which encourage greater and longer term domestic investment and saving, as well as higher returns on investment capital. The development of an international multilateral rule-based trading and investment system has been advocated widely. However, whilst the abandoned Multilateral Agreement on Investment would have provided greater rights for companies and investors, it gave limited support for the social, economic and environmental concerns of host countries. Furthermore, regulation of investment is only as effective as a countrys ability to enforce it. The cost of implementation may be prohibitive fo r many countries, hence bilateral and multilateral support, along side multi-stakeholder participation, is vital for the formulation of such agreements (ECOSOC 2000, Habitat II 1996). SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE INVESTMENT Ethical and socially responsible FDI can be encouraged through national, bilateral and international investment guidelines and regulation e.g. consumer rights, information provision, commercial probity, labour standards and corporate culture (UNCTAD 1999). Several institutions have developed or are currently working on responsible practice. The ILO has 180 conventions referring to social responsibility and it also has more specific Tripartite Declaration of Principles (1977), concerning TNCs and social policy2. UNCTAD has developed a Code of Restrictive Business Practices. Eradication of poverty and reduction of gender inequality, where women make up nearly 70% of the worlds poorest, should be prioritized. Whilst governments may seek FDI for labour intensive sectors, those sectors which require greater skills are likely to require investment in domestic training and education. Access to FDI for poorer communities and small to medium enterprises can be promoted by fostering credit/l oans and capacity building programs to improve their bargaining power (WCW 1995, WSSD 1995). Intellectual property right agreements between host countries and foreign investors can also be strengthened to ensure domestic technology transfer and skills development are better incorporated (UNCTAD 1999). SENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Greater efforts need to be made to assess the linkages between environmental impacts and FDI, although it may be difficult to isolate FDI impacts from other activities. Authorities and businesses can apply Environmental Management Systems (EMS) to assess the potential impacts of FDI ventures, e.g. ISO 4001 which details techniques such as Life-Cycle-Analysis, Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) and Environmental Audits. These all require investment in inspection, monitoring, regulation and enforcement to ensure effective implementation. The resources required to effectively adopt these approaches are often lacking in many developing countries, suggesting a vital need for targeted international assistance (UNCTAD 1999). Greater environmental commitment can also bring long term corporate gains e.g. greater efficiency and better quality of practice (OECD b). INDIAN ECONOMY IN BRIEF One of the worlds largest economies, India has made tremendous strides in its economic and social development in the past two decades and is poised to realize even faster growth in the years to come. After growing at about 3.5 percent from the 1950s to the 1970s, Indias economy expanded during the 1980s to reach an annual growth rate of about 5.5 percent at the end of the period. It increased its rate of growth to 6.7 percent between 1992à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"93 and1996à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"97, as a result of the far-reaching reforms embarked on in 1991 and opening up of the economy to more global competition. Its growth dropped to 5.5 percent from 1997à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"98 to 2001à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"02 and to 4.4 percent in 2002à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"03, due to the impact of poor rains on agricultural output. But, thanks to a lavish monsoon that led to a turnaround in the agriculture sector, Indias economy surged ahead to reach a growth rate of 8.2 percent in 2003à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"04. This is very much in line with growth projections cited in Indias Tenth Five-Year Plan, which calls for increasing growth to an average of 8 percent between 2002à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"03 and 2006à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"07 (India, Planning Commission, 2002 a). Such sustained acceleration is needed to provide opportunities for Indias growing population and its even faster-growing workforce. Embarking on a new growth path. India has a rich choice set in determining its future growth path. Figure 1 shows what India can achieve by the year 2020, based on different assumptions about its ability to use knowledge, even without any increase in the investment rate. Here, total factor productivity (TFP) is taken to be a proxy for a nations learning capability. Projections 1, 2, 3, and 4 plot real gross domestic product (GDP) per worker (1995 U.S.dollars) for India assuming different TFP growth rates from 2002 to 2020. Projection 4 is an optimistic scenario that is based on the actual TFP growth rate in Ir eland in 1991à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2000. Ireland is an example of a country that has been using knowledge effectively to enhance its growth. All things being equal, the projected GDP per worker for India in scenario 4 in 2020is about 50 percent greater than in scenario 1. Knowledge can make a difference between poverty and wealth. Which growth path India embarks on in the future will depend on how well the government, private sector, and civil society can work together to create a common understanding of where the economy should be headed and what it needs to get there. India can no doubt reap tremendous economic gains by developing policies and strategies that focus on making more effective use of knowledge to increase the overall productivity of the economy and the welfare of its population. In so doing, India will be able to improve its international competitiveness and join the ranks of countries that are making a successful transition to the knowledge economy. India also nee ds to boost foreign direct investment (FDI), which can be a facilitator of rapid and efficient transfer and cross-border adoption of new knowledge and technology. FDI flows to India rose by 24 percent between 2002 and 2003, due to its strong growth and improved economic performance, continued liberalization, its market potential, and the growing competitiveness of Indian IT industries. Even so, in 2003, India received $4.26 billion in FDI, compared with $53.5 billion for China (Box 1)! But Indias stock is rapidly rising: theForeign Direct Investment Confidence Index by A. T. Kearney (2004) shows that China and India dominate the top two positions in the world for most positive investor outlook and likely first-time investments, and are also the most preferred offshore investment locations for business process outsourcing (BPO) functions and IT services. Successful economic development is a process of continual economic upgrading in which the business environment in a country e volves to support and encourage increasingly sophisticated ways of competing. A good investment climate provides opportunities and incentives for firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ from microenterprises to multinationalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ to invest productively, create jobs, and expand. As a result of investment climate improvements in the 1980s and 1990s, private investment as a share of GDP nearly doubled in China and India. But India needs to continue to foster a good investment climate that encourages firms to invest by removing unjustified costs, risks, and barriers to competition. One reason for Indias less competitive markets is excessive regulation of the entry and exit of firms, which face stiffer requirements for obtaining permits and take much longer to get under way than do the firms in many other country. The answer will be determined in large measure by how well both countries utilize their resources. Restrictions on the hiring and firing of workers are also a major obstacle to doi ng business in India. In addition, enforcing contracts is a major problem: for example, it takes more than a year to resolve a payment dispute. So, to strengthen its overall economic and institutional regime, India should continue to address the following related to its product and factor markets and improving its overall infrastructure: Speeding up trade reform by reducing tariff protection and phasing out tariff exemptions. This will help Indian firms gain access to imports at world prices and would also help to encourage exports further. Encouraging FDI and increasing its contribution to economic growth by phasing out remaining FDI restrictions and increasing positive linkages with the rest of the economy. Stimulating growth of manufactured and service exports. In so doing, India could drive down global costs in services, just as China drove down global costs in manufacturing. Strengthening intellectual property rights (IPRs) and their enforcement. India has passed a series of IPR laws in the past few years, and their enforcement will be key to its success in the knowledge economy. Simplifying and expediting all procedures for the entry and exit of firms, for example, through single window clearances. Reducing inefficiencies in factor markets by easing restrictions on hiring and firing of workers. Improving access to credit for small and medium enterprises. Addressing problems in the use and transfer of land and updating bankruptcy procedures. Ensuring access to reliable power at reasonable cost by rationalizing power tariffs and improving the financial and operational performance of state electricity boards. Addressing capacity and quality constraints in transport by improving public sector performance and developing speedy, reliable door-to-door transport services (roads, rail, and ports) to enhance Indias competitiveness. Improving governance and the efficiency of government, and encouraging the use of ICTs to increase governments transparency and accountability. Using ICTs for more effective delivery of social services, especially in health and education, empowering Indias citizens to contribute to and benefit from faster economic growth. PREVIOUS RELATED STUDIES There exists a large theoretical and empirical literature about the impact of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and foreign direct investment (FDI) on growth in developing countries. In the 1960s and 1970s MNEs were often considered as responsible of persisting or even widening inequalities between industrialized and less developed countries. In recent years a much more optimistic view on the role of MNEs has prevailed. This change reflects both important economic events and theoretical developments. On the one side the debt crisis which started in 1982 left many developing countries with very limited access to foreign financial resources; this made FDI, which is essentially equity and not debt, an attracting form of foreign capital. On the other side the emergence of endogenous growth theories stressed the importance of human capital accumulation and technological externalities in the development process. In this respect MNEs, which can rely on the most advanced production and orga nization methods, are seen as a natural and powerful vehicle of technology transfer to less developed economies. While the classical paper of Findlay (1978) represents a first formal example of the potential link between foreign direct investment and technology transfer, the models of the so called new growth theory provide a very useful tool in order to analyze how the introduction of new inputs and technologies influences the production function of a given economy and how externalities affect the research efforts of economic agents and the diffusion of knowledge. Thus, not surprisingly, endogenous growth theory constitutes the predominant theoretical framework within which recent research studies the impact of FDI on growth (e.g. Borensztein et al., 1999, Martin and Ottaviano 1999, etc.). The position according to which MNEs play a positive role in the development process is shared by a large part of the academic world and basically by the most important international organizat ions. As a matter of fact, many developing countries have designed policies in order to attract foreign investment from industrialized countries. But curiously, as noted by de Mello (1997) in his survey about FDI and growth in developing countries, whether FDI can be deemed to be a catalyst for output growth, capital accumulation and technological progress is a less controversial hypothesis in theory than in practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The available empirical literature on the impact of FDI on growth provides contrasting results not only about the existence of a significant link between foreign direct investment and growth rates (of the recipient economy), but also about the sign of such relationship. For ex. in Bornschier (1978) and Dutt (1997) growth rates are negatively related to foreign capital stocks but in Dutt (1996) the same relationship turns out to be positive. BlomstrÃÆ' ¶m et al. (1992) find a significant positive impact of FDI inflows on growth; in Hein (1992) no signi ficant relationship emerges; the coefficient of FDI is significantly positive or not significant in Balasubramanyam et al. (1996), while in other papers such influence is positive or negative according to the level of development of the recipient country (as in Borensztein et al., 1999, and deMello, 1999).The presence of diverging results is due to econometric issues and to sampling differences. As far as econometrics is concerned, an inadequate treatment of the endogeneity problem characterizes much of the existing empirical literature on international capital flows and growth. To the extent towhich factors like the available stock of infrastructures, the market size, the presence of skilled labor, etc. are recognized to be fundamental determinants of foreign capital inflows to developing countries, we should expect that growth itself is conducive to higher levels of inward FDI. This means that a positive correlation between FDI flows and growth says nothing about the underlying causal relationship. Even when a researcher takes care to account for the endogeneity bias, it is not easy to find suitable instrumental variables that are variables which are correlated with FDI flows but not with growth. Anyway, differences in samples are likely to play a key role in explaining why empirical analyses provide contrasting estimates of the sign of the impact of FDI on growth. As noted above, in some recent contributions the influence of foreign capital on growth is positive when the recipient has attained a given level of development (as measured by per-capita income or by the available stock of human capital). Results contained in Borensztein et al. (1999) and also in BlomstrÃÆ' ¶m et al. (1992) move in this direction. The development threshold hypothesis is clearly related to the notion of absorption capacity, which is commonly referred to in the literature on aid and growth. In other words, recipient economies can take advantage of the potential positive ex ternalities associated to the presence of foreign MNEs provided that the technological gap is not too large. Otherwise, MNEs can represent technological enclaves in the host country, characterized by significant productivity and plant size differentials, and limited productivity spillovers (de Mello,1997). There may be other factors which can discriminate between positive and negative experiences with FDI. Balasubramanyam et al. (1996) find that the influence of MNEs depends on the trade policy regime followed by host countries; the impact of FDI flows is significantly positive in economies which pursue an export promotion (EP) strategy and not significant in countries which are characterized by an import substitution (IS) policy. This is immediately understandable in a theoretical context of export-led growth. The idea that trade policy choices may determine the impact of FDI dates back to the work of Bhagwati (1973) and to the literature on immiserizing growth. Bhagwati (197 3) shows that for a small open economy importing a capital intensive good, inward tariff-induced FDI may have a negative impact on host-country welfare. Brecher and Diaz Alejandro (1977) explain that the variation in welfare deriving from tariff-induced FDI inflows may be theoretically decomposed in three parts, The loss in consumption and production deriving from tariff-created distortions (given the initial factor endowments), The loss or gain associated to the accumulation of capital and The loss determined by the repatriation of foreign profits. They show that, under certain circumstances, effects (2) and (3) alone necessarily imply a net loss,so that the theoretical hypothesis considered by Bhagwati is actually the only outcome that canresult from a tariff-induced inflow of untaxed capital from abroad (Brecher and Diaz Alejandro, 1977). Balasubramanyam et al. (1996) observe also that, when developing economies implement policies in order to protect national industries from foreign competition, a wedge between social and private returns to capital arises and the resulting international specialization of the economy does not reflect its comparative advantage. As a consequence, in a protectionist environment the spillovers associated to FDI are likely to be limited, as the allocation of capital takes place in an economy in which prices are distorted. In conclusion, both differences in the development level and in the trade policy strategy may theoretically help explain how the influence of foreign direct investment on host c ountry growth may vary over different economies.

Legalization of Medical Marijuana Free Essays

Many people go around and live their lives, seeing many of their acquaintances daily. What they may not know, Is what they do in their free time. So many people go home, out, anywhere they want, and they smoke pot. We will write a custom essay sample on Legalization of Medical Marijuana or any similar topic only for you Order Now Having many other names, Its proper name Is Marijuana which Is made by the Cannabis plant. To the eyes of many, smoking pot Is dangerous and Immoral. To the users, It could be the opposite. It Is Illegal today, which Is a topic discussed among a wide variety of people today In the US, and even the world. Many people believe that it should be legalized for a wide variety of purposes. Those who are opposed, feel it’s too dangerous to be put on the market. The legalization of marijuana is discussed about in all parts of the country, and could help in treating diseases and helping patients, but could also lead to more teen use, and even deaths. Today, there are more than a dozen states, which have legalized marijuana, many for medicinal purposes. Although it may not cure diseases, it helps many patients to avoid, suppress, and alleviate the pain. There are many sissies In particular that it helps to alleviate. Glaucoma Is just one disease that the effects, untreated, can lead to pain, discomfort, and blindness. In general, Glaucoma is a condition that causes pressure within the eyeball. Glaucoma is when damage occurs to the optic nerve, and leads to a series of eye conditions. There are several types, but the four major ones are; open-angle (chronic) glaucoma, angle-closure (acute) glaucoma, congenital glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma. Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness. Once marijuana is smoked, it may alleviate the reassure. Other medications can be prescribed, but these prescription drugs have a tendency to lose their effectiveness (Grids 1). Multiple Sclerosis is another ailment, that the effects are very crippling. Multiple Sclerosis, or MS, is an autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. Multiple Sclerosis has a long list of symptoms that may cause pain, and/or make the patient feel uncomfortable to be In their own body (Sieve 1). Talk show host, Monnet Williams, talks about his first hand experience with Multiple Sclerosis. Williams had said, â€Å"When the neurologist said hose words – â€Å"You have MS† It hit me Like a brick. I thought the diagnosis was a death sentence (http://mm. Mantels. Org/Mantels. PH). † In his case, Monnet had episodes of excruciating pain, even prior to his diagnosis. He had been prescribed concoction, and opium, which had him suffering through painful and uncomfortable side effects. And now for many years, Monnet Williams has been using medical marijuana, inhibiting the pain caused by his disease. He has launched a public campaign, searching for a cure for MS, and the legalization of medical marijuana. Williams makes a excellent point, when he says he feels it should definitely be legalized, but strict enough, so that people who actually need it, have access to it. Marijuana has allowed Monnet Williams to become a contributing member of society, and live his life again (The Dry. Oz show). But the list doesn’t end there. Marijuana Is also used to treat Alchemist’s, Cancer, HIVE/AIDS, ALLS, and epilepsy (James 1). Studies have also shown that the Inhalation of marijuana has also decreased that chance of lung cancer, due to certain chemicals In side of the drug, stopping the growth of plaque. Many people are against it, because of the fact that it is a smoked drug, their own arsenal of prescription drugs in their homes. Medicine cabinets are filled with a bunch of prescription, or over the counter drugs, which are more addictive, more accessible, more harmful, and have more side effects, than marijuana. There is also lots of talk about the economic benefits of the legalization of marijuana. There are hundreds of economists that support the idea (Nonfat 1). It may not end the economic crisis, but it may help us take one step closer to becoming a prosperous nation once again. Once it’s legalized, it could be taxed. Once it’s taxed, it could bring in millions, or even billions of dollars, to the federal government. According to Jeffery A. Minor, if Marijuana was taxed like most other consumer goods, the tax revenue would be at least $2. 4 billion annually. However, if it fell under the Sin Tax or Tobacco Tax (taxing products such as tobacco or alcohol) annual revenue may generate up to $6. 2 billion. It will also create thousands of Jobs in agriculture, packaging, marketing, and advertising (Minor 1). Look at California for instance. Since marijuana was glazed in 1996, it has accumulated a total of $14 billion, from annual revenue. This also ties into federal expenses, on containing the drug, and enforcing the law. Many users feel that this is a prohibition, not having legal access to the drug. So they must find other ways to obtain the drug. Some people go to such far ends, Just have one puff. A study was conducted, and in 2010, there were approximately 1,638,846 drug related arrests. About 853,869, a little more than half were arrested, because of marijuana (Borden 1). But if you go even further, you will notice that in only 100,000 asses, approximately, there was actually any use of marijuana. The other 750,000 were charged on the means that it was in their possession. This shows two things. One, that it’s not as addictive as it’s perceived to be. Two, all those resources that are put towards the law enforcers, could be put towards crimes that are more serious. It would allow state police and officers to concentrate on crimes such as drunk driving, school shootings, stalking, burglaries, robberies, child abuse, etc (Stammer 1). So in total, the legalization of marijuana can help treating patients with serious disease, eve economic benefits, and decrease government spending. Which is not so bad, but people are more worried about negative effects on the communities. Although there are many positive effects of the legalization of marijuana, there are some negative effects that people are worried about. First and foremost, many parents and adults are worried about the effects on the community, especially the youth. Many teens nowadays have been starting very young with different types of stuff from a wide variety of; cigarettes, chewing tobaccos, alcohol, and marijuana. There are many seasons why students fall under the influence. People could Just feel stressed and anxious, and feel like marijuana is the cure to all of their problems. Others feel like they need to smoke in order to be cool, and so many fall under the peer pressure. According to surveys, the amount of marijuana use has decreased between the late asses and 2007. Now, the amount has started to increase, since 2006, the use among sophomores and seniors have started to increase. In a survey conducted National Institute on Drug Abuse, 7. 2 percent of 8th graders, 17. 6 percent of 10th graders, and 22. Percent of 12th grader have smoked marijuana months prior to the survey (NADIA 1). There are many who also fear that it is a gateway drug. The younger kids start out smoking marijuana, then start going up the ladder to other tobaccos, cocaine, and but they sure leave a whole lot of side effects. There are short term side effects, and long term side effects. The short term side effects vary from impaired senses, cramps, hallucinations, paranoia, diarrhea, and an increased appetite (causing weight gain). Long term effects include loss of brain cells, energy loss, apathy, cardiovascular robbers, addiction, and pregnancy defects. How to cite Legalization of Medical Marijuana, Papers

Role of Data Privacy in Marketing - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Role of Data Privacy in Marketing. Answer: Introduction: On May 31 2017 around 2 a.m. PST, it was reported that there has been a data breach and the data had been compromised in OneLogin, which is an online service that enables users to login to different websites and apps from single platform. It has headquarters in San Francisco, which provides single identity management and single sign-on for the application, which are based on cloud storage ("OneLogin breached, hacker finds cleartext credential notepads", 2017). It has more than 2000 customer companies in around 44 countries in the globe with more than 300 app vendors and even more than 70 SaaS (Software as a Service) providers that is becoming trend for all new companies and the companies, which wants travel with the technology development. As it provides a single platform for accessing different applications, OneLogin had to save all the credential information related to their identity and the credentials that is needed to access any application ("OneLogin breached, hacker finds cleartext credential notepads", 2017). The intruders or the hackers that hacked the OneLogin server were able to decrypt the encrypted files in which customers very personal credentials and information were saved in those encrypted files. This led the expose of such crucial information which can lead to serious damaging to the customer, which may include the bank account details generally, internet banking. This breach was also given a name, business-existential threat. A personal message was sent to the customers regarding the breach Customer data was compromised, including the ability to decrypt encrypted data including steps that can be taken to ensure that this breach does not affect for later. However, the problem was that the crucial and very personal information were stolen and might be used by the intruders to make intrusion in the other applications. By this intrusion, they were able to manipulate and access those data and information, as the needed credentials were all pre-available to them after the breach. In this case hackers were introduced by threat actors, who have gain access to the database in which information about the apps, users and many other crucial information were being saved including the credentials that will give access to those application ("OneLogin breached, hacker finds cleartext credential notepads", 2017). All the customers among those 2000 companies were affected by this intrusion and thousands of personal account in those companies had to suffer by this data breach. OneLogin was useful application for accessing many application using one credential and single platform but at the cost of the security and privacy (Martin, Borah Palmatier, 2017). Obviously, the information and data that were being saved was for the organizational purpose only and certain specific details of the organization related to the business and transactions made with the contractors and the business partners. This threat caused risks to all the information that were being saved on the cloud using SaaS application. Certain individuals were also affected by this intrusion as many individuals used OneLogin for their personal benefits (Martin Murphy, 2017). This attack was done on the single database but has affected globally to the threats and risks of privacy and security of the organization or the individuals wh o were using OneLogin application. How the attack was carried out? Chief information security officer of OneLogin, Alvaro Hoyos, said that an unknown intruder was able to gain unauthorized access to the server of the OneLogin that was running on the United States database. This attack was started by the attempts made by the intruder to obtain set of AWS keys and used them to get access to AWS API application programming interface through another service provider other than OneLogins server (Spillner, 2017). APIs is a technical term or language for the conversation between the applications to exchange information and APIs allows developer to collect pre-written components of the software, thus both of them need to work together. The hackers get access to this server and found coding to decrypt those data, which were encrypted before for the security of those data. The hackers got access to the database table using these codes, which contains information and data about the users, applications and various other types of keys. Then they use other coding to decode the encrypted files and decrypted many files that were saved on the database. Measure that could have taken by the organization to avoid this breach is that OneLogin service provider should have introduced third party for the external security of the company to make sure that it has adequately mopped up with any of the certain data breach. All the log management system should be restricted to the SAML-based authentication. Password should be set auto reset mode based on auto generation of password (Hossain, Hasan Skjellum, 2017). This was being implemented after the breach already happened, whereas OneLogin should have learnt from the previous attack and should have implemented it before the second intrusion happened. Measures that individual or organization should be taken to keep them safe can be listed as: Monitoring leaked credentials of the customers before and after the breach (Cheng, Liu Yao, 2017). Implementation of multi-factor authentication that does not leverage SMS Deployment of an inline Web Application Firewall Monitoring leaked credentials of the employees working in the organization Monitoring whether the name of the brand and company names are mentioned or not in the crack forums (Hutching Holt, 2017). Gaining awareness about the credential stuffing tools to ensure that none of the data into wrong hands. WannaCry Ransomware Cyber Attack Ransomware cyber-attack was one of the biggest data breaches of this century that causes damages to several computers at global level. Ransomware cyber-attack affected more than 230,000 computers around the, world in between 12th may and 15th may (Collier, 2017). The intruders were asking money in the form of Bit Coin Currency in exchange of the anti-virus, which will decrypt the encrypted files as mentioned in the next paragraph, and thus it was named as WannaCry Ransomware attack (Martin, Krinoss Hankin, 2017). It is being expected that the Ransomware cyber-attack be originated from London when a European accessed a zip file, which activated the malicious virus and spread across other systems by using network as a bridge. There were mainly two software that were used to make this incident happen, one which gave them access to the storage files saved in the system, which was stolen from the U.S. agency and another which was originated by the intruders to encrypt the files. Technically, the virus encrypts all the files so that a user will not be able to open any file without the decryption code or any anti-virus, which can only be proposed by the hackers. Experts in IT found a way to slow down the wrath of this attack but after that, regular updates were started uploading to the systems, which results in wastage of time only by the attempts made by researchers. Virus was attacking the systems based on operating systems like Windows 7, window XP, Server 2003, and Windows 8 (Mohurle Patil, 2017). It was reported that the virus was not much effective on the systems that were being operated at server 2003 or Windows XP, which means hackers were targeting the latest operating systems. It was also noted that this virus mostly affects the software that were being installed from black market. This conclusion was drawn from the measurement of the damage done to the Chinese countries, as almost 70 % of the systems in China are running on the software that are from black market. This was a worldwide cyber-attack, which damages several organization including government federals to various multinational companies. Some of the organization with advanced IT were able to decrypt the files that were encrypted by them and few were saved by using common senses like turning systems offline for further access by the virus but several were affected by this attack (Renaud, 2017). Government, Hospitals, and multinational companies, of Russia, Japan, China, U.S. and several other countries were affected by this wide spread cyber-attack. Multi-national automobile companies like Nissan and Renault had to suffer damages in the production due to this data breach. This virus made several police stations of China and India to shut down their systems and put the station offline in manner to stop the spreading of the virus among different systems. Big Electronic companies and Multinational Courier Companies like Fed Ex and Hitachi reported the intrusion of this attack. Several ho spitals in UK and U.S. reported the same malware affected their systems which results in delay of several operations and surgeries. Nissan was on the list of least affected automobile companies as an individual with common sense put their all systems offline when attack was seems to affecting one system and save the rest of the systems from being corrupted by the malicious virus. This virus affected many areas in Russia and India (Gandhi, 2017). How was the attack carried out? IT researchers and the developers explained that attack was initiated at London on 12th may 2017; virus was injected into the host computer, which is activated after when a European opened a zip file. Many commands were executed automatically after the activation of that virus which was programmed by the hackers. Some commands were being executed in order to deviate the researchers and the experienced IT. After certain hours, it was found that the virus is executing command to system to connect to an unknown server, which does not exist at all. The main intention behind this execution of this code was to distract the researchers for gathering much time to corrupt the files saved in the storage of the system. The encryption was very tough that no one would be able to decrypt the files without any anti-virus or decryption coding (Gandhi Krunal, 2017). Access to the files stored in the storage of the system was gained by using the stolen software, which was in real produced by the U.S. Agency. This software was named EthernalBlue, which was used to push the virus to the storage drive of the system. The hacker named the anti-virus as DoublePulsar and they were offering this anti-virus in exchange of the money in the form of Bit Coin Currency. The preventive measures that could have prevented this ransomware attack can be listed as: First of all the EthernalBlue software should not have gone viral and exposed on the internet, which gave access to the hackers to the storage system of various users. If the files were encrypted and tokenized earlier this breach would not harm those files and data. Original operating system would have provided security patches for the systems (Mattei, 2017). Microsoft should have predetermined about such attack and should have launched the patches much earlier. Anti-malware software was also the option, which will have not allowed the third party to access the storage of the system. References Cheng, L., Liu, F., Yao, D. D. (2017). Enterprise data breach: causes, challenges, prevention, and future directions.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery,7(5). Collier, R. (2017). NHS ransomware attack spreads worldwide. Gandhi Krunal, A. Year of Publication: 2017. Gandhi, K. A. (2017). Survey on Ransomware: A New Era of Cyber Attack.International Journal of Computer Applications,168(3). Hossain, M., Hasan, R., Skjellum, A. (2017, June). Securing the Internet of Things: A Meta-Study of Challenges, Approaches, and Open Problems. InDistributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), 2017 IEEE 37th International Conference on(pp. 220-225). IEEE. Hutchings, A., Holt, T. J. (2017). The online stolen data market: disruption and intervention approaches.Global Crime,18(1), 11-30. Martin, G., Kinross, J., Hankin, C. (2017). Effective cybersecurity is fundamental to patient safety. Martin, K. D., Murphy, P. E. (2017). The role of data privacy in marketing.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,45(2), 135-155. Martin, K. D., Borah, A., Palmatier, R. W. (2017). Data privacy: Effects on customer and firm performance.Journal of Marketing,81(1), 36-58. Mattei, T. A. (2017). Privacy, Confidentiality, and Security of Health Care Information: Lessons from the Recent WannaCry Cyberattack.World Neurosurgery,104, 972-974. Mohurle, S., Patil, M. (2017). A brief study of Wannacry Threat: Ransomware Attack 2017.International Journal,8(5). OneLogin (2017). Retrieved 23 August 2017, from https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/Sample%20Notice_9.pdf Renaud, K. (2017). It makes you Wanna Cry. Spillner, J. (2017). Exploiting the Cloud Control Plane for Fun and Profit.arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.05945.